308 research outputs found
GLP2: An underestimated signal for improving glycaemic control and insulin sensitivity
Glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP2) is a proglucagon-derived peptide produced by intestinal enteroendocrine L-cells and by a discrete population of neurons in the brainstem, which projects mainly to the hypothalamus. The main biological actions of GLP2 are related to the regulation of energy absorption and maintenance of mucosal morphology, function and integrity of the intestine however, recent experimental data suggest that GLP2 exerts beneficial effects on glucose metabolism, especially in conditions related to increased uptake of energy, such as obesity, at least in the animal model. Indeed, mice lacking GLP2 receptor selectively in hypothalamic neurons that express proopiomelanocortin show impaired postprandial glucose tolerance and hepatic insulin resistance (by increased gluconeogenesis). Moreover, GLP2 acts as a beneficial factor for glucose metabolism in mice with high-fat diet-induced obesity. Thus, the aim of this review is to update and summarize current knowledge about the role of GLP2 in the control of glucose homeostasis and to discuss how this molecule could exert protective effects against the onset of related obesity type 2 diabetes
Is the Secret in the Gut? SuperJump Activity Improves Bone Remodeling and Glucose Homeostasis by GLP-1 and GIP Peptides in Eumenorrheic Women
We showed that twenty weeks of SuperJump activity, an innovative workout training performed on an elastic minitrampoline, reduced bone resorption and increased bone formation in eumenorrheic women acting on the key points of the regulation of bone metabolism. The present study analyzed whether the gastrointestinal hormones are involved in the mechanism of action and if it has an impact on glucose homeostasis. The control group was composed of twelve women, similar to the exercise group that performed SuperJump activity for twenty weeks. The analysis was performed on blood samples and investigated GLP-1, GIP, GLP-2, PYY, ghrelin, glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, β-cell function, and insulin sensitivity. The results showed that the activity contributes to raising the GLP-1and GIP levels, and not on GLP-2, PYY, and ghrelin, which did not change. Moreover, SuperJump activity significantly reduced fasting insulin, glucose, insulin resistance, and increased insulin sensitivity but did not affect beta cell function. These data suggest that GLP-1, and GIP are involved in the mechanism of action that improves bone and glucose homeostasis following 20 weeks of SuperJump activity in eumenorrheic women
A Novel Method for Epileptic Seizure Detection Using Coupled Hidden Markov Models
We propose a novel Coupled Hidden Markov Model to detect epileptic seizures
in multichannel electroencephalography (EEG) data. Our model defines a network
of seizure propagation paths to capture both the temporal and spatial evolution
of epileptic activity. To address the intractability introduced by the coupled
interactions, we derive a variational inference procedure to efficiently infer
the seizure evolution from spectral patterns in the EEG data. We validate our
model on EEG aquired under clinical conditions in the Epilepsy Monitoring Unit
of the Johns Hopkins Hospital. Using 5-fold cross validation, we demonstrate
that our model outperforms three baseline approaches which rely on a classical
detection framework. Our model also demonstrates the potential to localize
seizure onset zones in focal epilepsy.Comment: To appear in MICCAI 2018 Proceeding
Glucagon-like peptide-2 modulates neurally evoked mucosal chloride secretion in guinea pig small intestine in vitro
Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is
an important neuroendocrine peptide in intestinal physiology. It influences
digestion, absorption, epithelial growth, motility, and blood
flow. We studied involvement of GLP-2 in intestinal mucosal secretory
behavior. Submucosal-mucosal preparations from guinea pig
ileum were mounted in Ussing chambers for measurement of shortcircuit
current (Isc) as a surrogate for chloride secretion. GLP-2 action
on neuronal release of acetylcholine was determined with ELISA.
Enteric neuronal expression of the GLP-2 receptor (GLP-2R) was
studied with immunohistochemical methods. Application of GLP-2
(0.1–100 nM) to the serosal or mucosal side of the preparations
evoked no change in baseline Isc and did not alter transepithelial ionic
conductance. Transmural electrical field stimulation (EFS) evoked
characteristic biphasic increases in Isc, with an initially rapid rising
phase followed by a sustained phase. Application of GLP-2 reduced
the EFS-evoked biphasic responses in a concentration-dependent
manner. The GLP-2R antagonist GLP-2-(3-33) significantly reversed
suppression of the EFS-evoked responses by GLP-2. Tetrodotoxin,
scopolamine, and hexamethonium, but not vasoactive intestinal peptide
type 1 receptor (VPAC1) antagonist abolished or reduced to near
zero the EFS-evoked responses. GLP-2 suppressed EFS-evoked acetylcholine
release as measured by ELISA. Pretreatment with GLP-2-
(3-33) offset this action of GLP-2. In the submucosal plexus, GLP-2R
immunoreactivity (-IR) was expressed in choline acetyltransferase-IR
neurons, somatostatin-IR neurons, neuropeptide Y-IR neurons, and
vasoactive intestinal peptide-IR neurons. We conclude that submucosal
neurons in the guinea pig ileum express GLP-2R. Activation of
GLP-2R decreases neuronally evoked epithelial chloride secretion by
suppressing acetylcholine release from secretomotor neurons
Role of cholinergic neurons in the motor effects of glucagon-like peptide-2 in mouse colon.
Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) reduces
mouse gastric tone and small intestine transit, but its action on
large intestine motility is still unknown. The purposes of the present
study were 1) to examine the influence of GLP-2 on spontaneous
mechanical activity and on neurally evoked responses, by recording
intraluminal pressure from mouse isolated colonic segments; 2) to
characterize GLP-2 mechanism of action; and 3) to determine the
distribution of GLP-2 receptor (GLP-2R) in the mouse colonic
muscle coat by immunohistochemistry. Exogenous GLP-2 (0.1\u2013
300 nM) induced a concentration-dependent reduction of the spontaneous
mechanical activity, which was abolished by the desensitization
of GLP-2 receptor or by tetrodotoxin, a voltage-dependent
Na+-channel blocker. GLP-2 inhibitory effect was not affected by
Nomega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor),
apamin (a blocker of small conductance Ca2+-dependent K+
channels), or [Lys1,Pro2,5,Arg3,4,Tyr6]VIP7\u201328 (a VIP receptor
antagonist), but it was prevented by atropine or pertussis toxin
(PTX), a Gi/o protein inhibitor. Proximal colon responses to electrical
field stimulation were characterized by nitrergic relaxation,
which was followed by cholinergic contraction. GLP-2 reduced
only the cholinergic evoked contractions. This effect was almost
abolished by GLP-2 receptor desensitization or PTX. GLP-2 failed
to affect the contractile responses to exogenous carbachol. GLP-2R
immunoreactivity (IR) was detected only in the neuronal cells of
both plexuses of the colonic muscle coat. More than 50% of
myenteric GLP-2R-IR neurons shared the choline acetyltransferase
IR. In conclusion, the activation of GLP-2R located on cholinergic
neurons may modulate negatively the colonic spontaneous and
electrically evoked contractions through inhibition of acetylcholine
release. The effect is mediated by Gi protein
Stand-Alone or Combinatorial Effects of Grafting and Microbial and Non-Microbial Derived Compounds on Vigour, Yield and Nutritive and Functional Quality of Greenhouse Eggplant
The current research investigated the effects of endophytic fungi such as Trichoderma atroviride (Ta) or Ascophyllum nodosum seaweed extract (An) and their combination on growth, yield, nutritive and functional features, and mineral profile of ‘Birgah’ F1 eggplant either ungrafted, selfgrafted or grafted onto the Solanum torvum rootstock. Eggplant exposed to An or An+Ta had a significant increase in root collar diameter 50 days after transplanting (RCD50), total yield (TY), marketable yield (MY), ascorbic acid (AA) content, Mg, Cu, and Zn concentration, and a reduction in glycoalkaloids (GLY) compared with the control. Furthermore, grafted plants had a higher TY, MY, number of marketable fruits (NMF), RCD50, AA, Cu, and Zn and a lower SSC, GLY, and Mg than the ungrafted plants. The combination of grafting and An+Ta significantly improved mean weight of marketable fruits (MF), plant height 50 days after transplanting (PH50), number of leaves 50 days after transplanting (NL50), fruit dry matter (FDM), chlorogenic acid (ClA), proteins, and K and Fe concentration. This combination also produced fruits of high premium quality as evidenced by the higher AA and ClA concentration, the lower GLY concentration, and an overall improved mineral profile
Stay home, stay active with superjump®: A home-based activity to prevent sedentary lifestyle during covid-19 outbreak
The purpose of this study was to investigate the intensity of SuperJump® workout as a home-based activity for fulfilling physical activity recommendations during COVID-19 home-confinement. Seventeen (males: n = 10; females: n = 7) college students (age: 25.8 ± 2.7 years; height: 1.7 ± 0.1 m; weight: 66.2 ± 12.1 kg) participated in the study. To assess the intensity of the activity (30-min), heart rate (HR), expressed as percentages of age-predicted maximal HR (%HRmax), and session ratings of perceived exertion (sRPE), collected on a CR10 scale, were used. %HRmax data were categorically separated in five classes of intensity according to the American College of Sport Science’s guidelines. Enjoyment was evaluated using the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES). Repeated measures ANOVA was used to evaluate differences (p < 0.05) in relation to gender and exercise intensity. No gender difference emerged for %HRmax and sRPE. Significantly higher (p < 0.05) %HRmax were found for the moderate intensity (47.1 ± 34.4%) with respect to very light (3.6 ± 6.9%), light (14.5 ± 23.3%) and vigorous (34.6 ± 39.6%) and for the vigorous intensity with respect to very light; no near maximal to maximal values were observed. Subjects perceived SuperJump® as moderate (sRPE = 3.1 ± 1.2) while showing high levels of enjoyability (PACES = 86.6 ± 16.2%). SuperJump® can be classified as moderate-to-vigorous activity, representing an effective alternative and enjoyable home-based activity for preventing the effects of a sedentary lifestyle during home-confinement
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